![]() The term "solid-state" became popular at the beginning of the semiconductor era in the 1960s to distinguish this new technology based on the transistor, in which the electronic action of devices occurred in a solid state, from previous electronic equipment that used vacuum tubes, in which the electronic action occurred in a gaseous state. The term is also used as an adjective for devices in which semiconductor electronics that have no moving parts replace devices with moving parts, such as the solid-state relay in which transistor switches are used in place of a moving-arm electromechanical relay, or the solid-state drive (SSD) a type of semiconductor memory used in computers to replace hard disk drives, which store data on a rotating disk. Solid-state electronics means semiconductor electronics: electronic equipment using semiconductor devices such as transistors, diodes and integrated circuits (ICs). This is called a solid-state circuit because all of the electrical activity in the circuit occurs within solid materials. ![]() Some closely related problems of crystal properties are also being investigated in order to obtain the knowledge necessary for the maximum utilization of these and other new materials in electronic components.An integrated circuit (IC) on a printed circuit board. For this reason, the major current objective of the solid state physics program at the National Bureau of Standards concerns the fundamental study of semiconducting systems. Although the semiconductor has been used in several practical applications, physical interpretation of the semiconducting phenomena is far from complete. The recent discovery of the transistor, a crystal triode which may be used as a replacement for vacuum tubes in amplifiers, has intensified interest in the subject. Solid state electronics, including the study of semiconductors, was greatly stimulated by the wartime development of crystal diodes, which were extensively used in radar and are now finding numerous applications in electronic components. The detailed study of matter in the solid state has become one of the most active fields of modern physics. ![]()
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